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| AN-N-038 |
Traces of iodide in acetic acid using amperometric detection |
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| Determination of traces of iodide in acetic acid using anion chromatography with amperometric detection at the carbon paste electrode. |
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| AN-N-009 |
Carbonate in an amine solution |
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| Determination of carbonate in a solution of methyl-monoethanol-amine with anion chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AN-N-008 |
Five anions in an organic solvent (toluene) |
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| Determination of acetate, formate, chloride, bromide and sulfate in toluene mother liquor using anion chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AN-N-007 |
Acetate and methanesulfonate in an organic disodium salt |
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| Determination of acetate and methansulfonate in an organic salt using anion chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AN-N-004 |
Fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrate and sulfate in organic substances after Schoeniger combustion |
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| Determination of anions in a Schoeniger absorption solution of a test mixture without decomposition of the H2O2 using anion chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AN-K-045 |
Water in methylcyclohexane |
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| The water content in methylcyclohexane is determined by coulometric Karl Fischer titration. |
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| AN-K-037 |
Water in 2-methyl-5-mercaptothiadiazole |
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| The water content of 2-methyl-5-mercaptothiadiazole is determined according to Karl Fischer using a special solvent mixture in order to prevent unwanted side reactions. |
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| AN-K-032 |
Water in acetophenone and benzophenone |
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| The water content of acetophenone and benzophenone is determined according to Karl Fischer using special KF reagents for ketones/aldehydes in order to prevent unwanted side reactions. |
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| AN-K-031 |
Water in 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene and 2,5-norbornadiene |
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| The water content of 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene and 2,5-norbornadiene is determined according to Karl Fischer using a special solvent mixture in order to prevent unwanted side reactions. |
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| AN-K-022 |
Water in pesticide formulations |
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| The water content of pesticide formulations (in cyclohexanone) is determined according to Karl Fischer. |
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| AN-K-018 |
Water in cyclopropyl methyl ketone |
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| The water content of cyclopropyl methyl ketone is determined according to Karl Fischer by coulometric titration using special reagents for aldehydes and ketones. |
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| AN-K-002 |
Water in methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (butanone peroxide) |
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| The water content of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide is determined according to Karl Fischer using two-component reagents in order to prevent unwanted side reactions. (Separate solvent is used to ensure a high excess of sulphur dioxide and amine in the titration vessel.) |
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| AN-H-060 |
Standardization of 0.1 mol/L perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid |
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| Standardization of 0.1mol/L perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid by catalyzed endpoint thermometric titration. |
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| AN-H-059 |
Determination of amines by non-aqueous titration |
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| Determination of amines in non-aqueous media. |
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| AN-H-054 |
Determination of hydrofluoric acid by aluminum titration |
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| Determination of hydrofluoric acid in strongly acidic etching solutions (“polyetch”). |
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| AN-H-041 |
Standardization of cetyl pyridinium chloride solutions |
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Standardization of cetyl pyridinium chloride solutions for use as a cationic surfactant titrant in the determination of
anionic surfactants such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate. |
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| AN-H-038 |
Determination of sulfate and total acids in a nitrating mixture |
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| Determination of sulfate and total acids in a nitrating mixture. |
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| AN-H-028 |
Standardization of 0.1 mol/L KOH in propan-2-ol |
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| Standardization of 0.1 mol/L in propan-2-ol for use in applications for the determination of weakly acidic species in non-aqueous media. |
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| AN-H-027 |
Determination of organic soda in Bayer aluminate liquors |
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| Determination of total basicity of extractable organic compounds of acidic character in Bayer process refinery liquors. |
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| AN-H-015 |
Determination of acetic anhydride in acylation mixtures |
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| Determination of acetic anhydride in the presence of acetic acid in acylation mixtures. |
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| AN-C-108 |
Methylamine in the presence of standard cations on the Metrosep C 3 – 250 cation column |
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| Determination of methylamine in the presence of sodium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium and calcium using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AN-C-107 |
Hydroxylamine, ethanolamine, triethanolamine and hydrazine on the Metrosep C 3 – 250 cation column |
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| Determination of hydroxylamine, ethanolamine, triethanolamine and hydrazine using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AN-C-095 |
Methylamine (MMA), dimethylamine (DMA) and trimethylamine (TMA) in methylpyrrolidone using Metrohm Inline Matrix Elimination |
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| Determination of traces of methylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine in methylpyrrolidone using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AN-C-094 |
Methylamine, isopropylamine, diethylamine and diethylethanolamine with preconcentration |
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| Determination of traces of methylamine, isopropylamine, diethylethanolamine and diethylamine using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AN-C-093 |
Four amines in the presence of standard cations with preconcentration |
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| Determination of traces of methylamine, isopropylamine diethylethanolamine and diethylamine in the presence of lithium, sodium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium and calcium using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AN-C-079 |
Nickel, zinc, cobalt, iron(II) and manganese in lithium bromide using post-column reaction |
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Determination of nickel, zinc, iron(II) and manganese in lithium bromide using cation chromatography with UV/VIS
detection (520 nm) after post-column reaction. |
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| AN-C-072 |
Sodium and potassium in a polyol solution |
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| Determination of sodium and potassium in a polyol solution using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AN-C-063 |
Five cations in lithium bromide using post-column reaction |
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| Determination of nickel, zinc, cobalt, iron(II) and manganese in lithium bromide using cation chromatography with UV/VIS detection (520 nm) after post-column reaction with PAR. |
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| AN-C-062 |
Five cations including iron in monoethylene glycol (MEG) |
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| Determination of sodium, potassium, iron(II), magnesium and calcium in an extract of monoethylene glycol using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AN-C-061 |
Zinc and manganese in the presence of standard cations in an extract of a zinc compound |
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| Determination of zinc, sodium, ammonium and manganese in the presence of magnesium and calcium in an extract of a zinc compound using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AN-C-059 |
Sodium, ammonium and potassium in polyethers |
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| Determination of sodium, ammonium and potassium in polyethers using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection. |
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| AB-288 |
Determination of acidic and alkaline solids by non-aqueous titration |
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The analysis of acids and bases is a well-known basic task in analytical chemistry. With this fully automated system only the sample needs to be taken and weighed in by the user. ProcessLab does the rest autonomously. For the determination of the acid or base content an automated ProcessLab system is used. Liquid handling of the needed solvents is done using the buret and pumps which ProcessLab provides. Sample identification is done with a barcode reader.
A certain amount of sample is weighed in and the result automatically transferred to tiamo. Depending on the type of sample, tiamo starts and performs an acid or base titration with the corresponding non-aqueous solvent.
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| AB-270 |
Synthesis of phenyl azonaphthol |
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The important class of azo dyes comprises more compounds than all other classes of dyes together. The azo compounds form the basis of many dyestuffs and pigments used in the textile, paper and wood industries today.
This Bulletin describes the automated synthesis of phenyl azonaphthol by diazotization of aniline and subsequent azo coupling with 2-naphthol. The 711 Liquino is used to control and monitor the whole process. |
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| AB-269 |
Titrimetric/potentiometric determination of ionic surfactants by two-phase titration using the Metrosensor Surfactrodes |
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This Bulletin describes the potentiometrically indicated «two-phase titration» of ionic surfactants in raw materials and various formulations using numerous practical examples. Two completely new designs of surfactant electrode, – the Surfactrode Resistant and Surfactrode Refill –, allow you to carry out this type of surfactant titration in s similar way to the classical «Epton titration» and with a high degree of automation.
The results obtained correlate to a high degree with those of the Epton titration. The toxic and environmentally hazardous chloroform can be replaced by alternative solvents such as ethyl isobutyl ketone or n-hexane. |
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| AB-264 |
Titrimetric methods for the determination of betains |
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| The two potentiometric titration methods described here allow the determination of the content of commercial betaine solutions. Neither method is suitable for determining the betaine content of formulations. The possibilities and limits of both methods are described and distinctive features and possible sources of interference are mentioned. The Bulletin explains the most important theoretical principles and is intended to help users to develop their own product-specific titration methods. |
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| AB-263 |
Titrimetric determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients with the NIO electrode |
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The NIO electrode is characterized by the fact that it is selective for both sodium tetraphenylborate (= STPB) and oleophilic molecules. This means that it can be used successfully for the potentiometric indication of titrations in aqueous solution in which STPB is used as the titrant and the species to be titrated has oleophilic properties. This results in ideal S-shaped titration curves.
This Bulletin describes the determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients in raw materials and formulations (tablets, powders, gels, creams, syrups, drops). These titrations are a valuable, environment-friendly alternative to other analytical methods. |
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| AB-251 |
Polarographic determination of cinchocaine (dibucaine) in pharmaceutical preparations |
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| Cinchocaine (dibucaine) is used in the form of ointments or injection solutions as a local anaesthetic. Its base is soluble in diethyl ether; its hydrochloride, on the other hand, is insoluble in diethyl ether but easily soluble in water. This Bulletin describes the determination of cinchocaine in ointments, creams and injection solutions by means of differential pulse polarography. An acetate buffer pH = 4.8 is used as the supporting electrolyte. The limit of quantitation and the linear working range of the method are given. The necessary sample preparation steps are also dealt with in this Bulletin. |
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| AB-230 |
Titrimetric/potentiometric determination of nonionic surfactants based on polyoxyethylene adducts using the NIO electrode |
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| This Bulletin describes the titrimetric determination of nonionic surfactants based on polyoxyethylene adducts (POE adducts). The determination is based on the conversion of the nonionic surfactant into a pseudo-cationic compound, which is determined in a precipitation titration using sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB). A newly developed surfactant electrode, the NIO electrode, is used as the indicator electrode. It has been designed taking into account the characteristics of this titration and therefore yields reliable, fast and efficient determinations. This Bulletin covers determinations in raw materials, formulations and wastewater. Characteristics, possibilities, limitations and interferences are pointed out. |
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| AB-228 |
Diazotization titrations |
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| This Bulletin describes the titrimetric determination of the content of 23 aromatic compounds with nitrite as the titrant. Particular care has been taken with sample preparation (dissolving the sample, etc.), the type of endpoint indication (potentiometric, bivoltametric and the choice of suitable electrodes. The titrations are usually carried out in the MET mode of the Titrino. |
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| AB-209 |
Coulometric water determination according to Karl Fischer in insulating oils as well as in hydrocarbons and their derivatives |
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| Only coulometric Karl Fischer titration can determine low water contents with sufficient accuracy. This Bulletin describes the determination of water traces in insulating oils, hydrocarbons, transformer and turbine oils, etc. |
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| AB-200 |
Determination of the acid number, hydroxyl number and isocyanates in raw materials for the fabrication of plastics by automatic potentiometric titration |
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| The determination of the acid number, the hydroxyl number and the isocyanates plays an important part in the analysis of raw materials for plastics. The present Bulletin describes the determination of these characteristic values by automatic potentiometric titration. |
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| AB-196 |
Polarographic determination of formaldehyde |
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Formaldehyde can be determined reductively at the DME. Depending on the sample composition it may be possible to determine the formaldehyde directly in the sample. If interferences occur then sample preparation may be necessary, e.g. absorption, extraction, or distillation.
Two methods are described. In the first method formaldehyde is reduced directly in alkaline solution. Higher concentrations of alkaline or alkaline earth metals interfere. In such cases the second method can be applied. Formaldehyde is derivatized with hydrazine forming the hydrazone, which can be measured polarographically in acidic solution. |
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| AB-190 |
Polarographic determination of 4-carboxybenzaldehyde in terephthalic acid |
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| 4-Carboxybenzaldehyde, in the following referred to as 4-CBA, can be reduced directly at the dropping mercury electrode (DME) in an ammoniacal solution. After a very simple sample preparation it is now possible to determine the concentration of 4-CBA in terephthalic acid quickly and precisely by polarography down to the lower ppm range. |
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| AB-179 |
Polarographic determination of maleic and fumaric acid alone or in mixtures |
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| Maleic and fumaric acid can be reduced electrochemically to succinic acid. In acidic solutions a differentiation of the two acids is not possible since both are reduced at the same potential. On the other hand, separation at pH 7.8...8.0 is easily possible since fumaric acid is now more difficult to reduce at the lower proton concentration (as a result of cis-trans isomerism) than maleic acid. |
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| AB-136 |
Polarographic determination of styrene in polystyrene and copolymers |
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| This Application Bulletin describes a simple polarographic method to determine monomeric styrene in polymers. The limit of determination lies at 5 mg/L. Before the determination, styrene is converted to the electrochemically active pseudonitrosite using sodium nitrite. |
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| AB-073 |
Polarographic analysis - half-wave potentials of organic substances |
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This Bulletin is a supplement to Application Bulletin no. 36 (Half-wave potentials of inorganic substances) in the sense that the half-wave potentials of 100 different organic substances are listed. At the same time the supporting electrolytes used and the limits of determination are given. The various substances are listed in alphabetical order. The most important polarographically active functional groups are taken into consideration. This means that substances for related structures can also be determined polarographically in the same or similar supporting electrolytes, although they may not appear in the list. Unless otherwise stated, the half-wave potentials refer to a temperature of 20 °C, and the potentials are given in volts, measured with a sat. KCI-Ag/AgCI electrode assembly. The determination limits give the smallest concentrations which can be measured without risking serious errors in the results. In all cases, the limit of detection lies below the limit of determination. |
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| AB-042 |
Determination of water-soluble carbonyl compounds by potentiometric titration |
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| After condensation with hydroxylamine, carbonyl compounds are converted to oximes. These can be titrated potentiometrically with NaOH. The method is limited to water-soluble carbonyl compounds. |
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| AB-039 |
Potentiometric determination of nitrating acid |
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A potentiometric, non-aqueous method is described for analyzing nitrating acid using cyclohexylamine as titrant. Both sulfuric and nitric acid can be determined quantitatively. |
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| AB-023 |
Literature dealing with the polarographic determination of organic nitro compounds |
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| This Bulletin contains literature sources for the polarographic determination of organic nitro compounds. |
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